ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the prevalence of drug-resistant mutations in reverse transcriptase and protease coding regions of HIV-1 in treatment-na(i)ve patients. MethodsPlasma specimens were collected from 88 patients from Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan and Anhui. The entire protease gene and the first 1-251 amino acids of the reverse transcriptase gene were amplified by RT-PCR from viral RNA and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed with HIV drug resistance algorithm, and phyligenetic analyses were performed by PHYLIP software. SPSS 13.0 was used for statistical analysis, and Fisher' s exact test was performed to compare the proportions of each subtype between the groups. Results79 gene sequences were obtained, subtyping analyses indicated that 68.4％ (54/79) were subtype B, followed by CRF01 _AE 24.8％ (22/79), CRF07_BC2.5％ (2/79),andCRF08_BC1.3％ (1/79). 7 (7/79,8.9％)presented with primary mutations associated with resistance to antiretroviral drugs, mutations conferring primary resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NNRTIs ) were detected in 3 ( 3. 8％ ) and 4 ( 5. 1％ ) cases, respectively. Protease inhibitors (Pls)associated primary resistance mutations were not found.Conclusion Antiretroviral drug resistant mutations have been found in treatment-na(i)ve patients with HIV-1 infections, while the prevalence level is low, which indicates that drug resistance test is not necessary for most HIV-1infected treatment-na(i)ve patients.
ABSTRACT
Objective To comprehend the current difference of sequence variation of p24 coding region in gag gene and subtype distribution of HIV 1 in Henan province and Shanghai in China. Methods Plasma specimens were collected from 37 HIV 1 patients, of which 25 were from Henan province and 12 were from Shanghai. Most patients in Henan were infected by illegally donating blood while in Shanghai the major transmission routes were blood or blood product transfusion and sexuality. RNAs from plasma specimens were extracted and target gene were amplified by the method of RT PCR and Nested PCR. The sequences of p24 region, 693 nucleotides were determined, then phylogenetic analyses were performed. Results Subtyping showed that 83.8% (31/37) were B subtype. Of 25 Henan specimens, 23(92%)were B subtype and 2 were A subtype. Of 12 Shanghai specimens, 8(66.7%)were B subtype, 1 was A subtype, 2 were CRF01 -AE and 1 was CRF02 -AG. Comparing with the Consensus sequence (Consensus -B, from HIV database), nucleotide variation in B subtype of Henan was 1.6%～4.2%, with an average of 3.2%, while that of Shanghai was 2.0%～3.8%, with an average of 3.4%. No G to A hypermutation was observed in all variations. The median intrasubtype distance for B subtype in Henan and Shanghai was 2.9% and 3.5%, and the intersubtype distance between B subtype and other subtypes was 11.1%～12.5%. The two Consensus sequences of Henan and Shanghai B subtype obtained by CLUSTAL X were aligned to Consensus -B, both the substitution for predicted amino acid were 2.2%(5/231). Of all the variations,they shared the same three mutations: A14P、I91V and E180D. However, the disparity between the two Consensus sequences was not significant (0.9%). Phylogenetic analyses implied that many specimens were B subtype, and all the B subtype specimens from Henan and most of Shanghai B subtype specimens were close to the isolates in Thailand. Conclusion B subtype was the dominant HIV 1 isolate in Henan and Shanghai of China.The HIV 1 B subtype in Henan and Shanghai had coincident homology and shared some identical variations of amino acid.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the clinical features of the patients with encephalopathy caused by food borne parasites. Methods Questionnairing was carried out to collect and analyze clinical data of cerebral form of food borne parasitic diseases in the hospital during the past five years. Results Among 190 discharged medical histories, 115 cases were valid for investigation, the number of males was 73, females 42, with a ratio of 1.74∶1. Among these patients, 20.9% (24/115) had a history of eating raw meat. For discharge diagnosis, neurocysticercosis accounted for 92.2% (106/115),cerebral paragonimiasis 3.5% (4/115), sparganosis 2.6% (3/115), and angiostrongyliasis cantonensis and gnathostomiasis 0.9%(1/115) each. 13.9% (16/115) of the patients were hospitalized for three times or more. Conclusion More attention should be paid to food borne parasitic encephalopathy.